| Reference Source | Reference Type | Archival Data | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|
| Blair, E 1911 | Use - Food | "This onion, I say, is so exceedingly acrid that, if one tried to swallow it, it would all at once wither the tongue, the throat, and the inside of the mouth, I do not know, however, whether it would have the same injurious effect on the inside of the body. But this difficulty hardly ever occurs, for as soon as one takes it into the mouth he spits it out, and one imagines that it is a certain wild garlic, which is quite common in the same places, and has also an insupportable acridness. When the savages lay in a store of these onions, with which the ground is covered, they first build on oven, upon which they place the onions, covering them with a thick layer of grass, and by means of the heat which the fire communicates to them the acrid quality leaves them, nor are they damaged by the flames, and after they have been dried in the sun they become an excellent article of food. Their abundance, however, counts for nothing, although the agreeable taste which one finds in them often induces him to satisfy his appetite with them, for nothing in the world is more indigestible and more nourishing. You feel a load on your chest, your belly as hard as a drum, and colic pains which last two or three days. When one is forewarned of this effect, he refrains from eating much of this root. I speak from experience, having been taken unawares by it, and after the distress which I experienced from it I have no longer any desire to taste it". |
This entry possibly refers to an Allium sp. and if so, probably Allium canadense, but could be another species, especially considering the digestive distress described by Perrot which is unlikely from wild onions. – Michael Gonella |
| Rafert, S. 1992 | Use - Food | Wild onion (A. vineale) was used as a spring tonic for maintaining good health. |
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| Gravier, J. ca. 1700 | Use - Food | "I pick, clean, and peel an onion". |
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| Masthay, C. 2002 | Use - Medicinal | "8iscapesi8a", or wiihkapesiwa, "small onions good for stopping dysentery" |
Masthay assigns this word to Allium canadense or A. cernuum (as per John F. Swenson 1991), but is possibly A. stellatum or another Allium species. – Michael Gonella |
| Rafert, S. 1996 | Use - Food | Myaamia families had favorite wild onion gathering areas. |
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| Aatotankiki myaamiaki 1998-2006 | Use - Food | Barbara Mullins mother, Julia Lankford picked wild onions every spring for a wild onion and egg meal, consisting of wild onions, eggs, bacon grease and salt. Barbara still cooks this, using green onions for wild ones. |
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| Gonella, M.P 2003-2006 | Use - Food | Mable Olds Leonard picked poke and wild onions for cooking |
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| Gonella, M.P 2003-2006 | Use - Food | Wild onions were gathered and eaten as greens rather than for the bulbs. Onions were gathered this year. |
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| Dunn, J.P. ca. 1900 | Use - Food | "The wild onion is still eaten by the Miamis as an early vegetable, but without this formidable preparation. They are washed, cut fine, and fried in grease until they wilt, then a little water is added, with salt, pepper and enough flour to cream. This removes the acrid taste". |
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| Dunn, J.P. 1919 | Use - Food | "When the savages lay in a store of these onions, with which the ground is covered, they first build an oven, upon which they place the onions, covering them with a thick layer of grass, and by means of the heat which the fire communicates to them the acrid quality leaves them, nor are they damaged by the flames, and after they have been dried in the sun they become an excellent article of food". |
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| Gleason, H.A. and Cronquist, A. 1991 | Description | Occurs in various habitats, prairies, open, dry or rich woods in eastern and western Myaamia lands. |
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| Peoria, Eastern Shawnee, Wyandotte, Seneca-Cayuga, Miami and Ottawa Tribes 2003 | Use - Food | Wild onion corms are gathered and used. |
| Reference Source | Reference Type | Data | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dunn, J.P. 1919 | Habitat | "The tribes of the prairies also find in certain places lands that are fertile, and kept moist by the streams that water them, whereon grow onions of the size of ones thumb". |
| Reference Source | Reference Type | Data | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|
| McCafferty, M. 2003 | The city name Chicago, originates from the Miami-Illinois word šikaakwa, meaning striped skunk, which is also the word for Allium tricoccum or other common, similar Allium species. Chicago "is a perfect example of this very practical, fundamental kind of botanically oriented place name. It indicated in that local watershed was a signficant patch of wild onions, perhaps indicating a 'smelly' place: onions/skunk. |
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| Pease, T. C. and R. C. Werner 1934 | "They also store up onions, as big as Jerusalem artichokes, which they find in the prairies, and which I find better than all the other roots. They are sugary and pleasing to the palate. They are cooked like macopines" (Original French: "Elles amassent aussi des oignons gros comme des Topiniamboures, qu'elles trouvent dans les prairies que je trouve meilleures que toutes les autres Racines, ils sont sucre et font plaisir a manger on les fait cuire comme les Macopines"). |
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| Tulsa World Newspaper 2003 | Due to lead, cadmium and zinc contamination in the Tar Creek Superfund Sites watershed around Miami, Oklahoma and the Miami Tribe of Oklahomas headquarters, Miami and other local tribal members worry that traditional gathering of food, medicine and customs items may be contaminated. Fish, wild blackberries, sassafras, pokeweed, basket-making supplies and wild onions could have high concentrations of lead, as do the waters of nearby lakes, and it is not always successful keeping tribal members out of these areas. The Seneca-Cayugas berry dance could not be held if all the wild blackberries and strawberries in the area are found to be contaminated. |
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| Baldwin, D 1997 | Lora Siders recalled the legend that one of the greatest Myaamia cities was on the shores of the big lake near the onion patch [this was presumably Chicago, named after the word meaning onion patch or stinking place], where the son of the Great Spirit walked with the Myaamia on sands by the big lake at the onion patch. She believed this to have been confirmed when archaeologists found a ancient city at New Lennox near Chicago with remains of two skeletons identified as Myaamia.
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| Gonella, M.P 2003-2006 | Allium stellatum and A. cernuum are the likely species referred to by this Myaamia word. A. stellatum is listed as prairie wild onion by Coulter (1899), as wild onion by Steyermark (1963) and without a common name by Gleason and Cronquist (1991). A. cernuum is listed as nodding wild onion in by Coulter, Steyermark, and Gleason and Cronquist, and without a common name by Small (1903). |
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| Anonymous 1837 | Wild onions mentioned. |
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| Clark, J.E 1993 | The Shawnee collected this plant. |
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| Dunn, J.P. ca. 1900 | The Miami term "cikakwa" was formerly used for the wild onion by the Myaamia and other Algonquians. Now the word is only used for 'skunk'. |