| Reference Source | Reference Type | Archival Data | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gatschet, A.S. ca. 1895 | Description | Gatschet describes the plant as "a weed 2 to 3 feet high with yellow berries or buttons". |
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| Gatschet, A.S. ca. 1895 | Use - Customs | Used to protect against bad spirits or witches: "carried in pocket as charm against spirit or witches". |
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| Gatschet, A.S. ca. 1895 | Use - Medicinal | Used to treat coughs and sore throats. |
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| Steyermark, J.A. 1963 | Description | Steyermark remarks that Rudbeckia hirta var. homochroma has yellow disk as well as ray flowers. The dense, compact cone of yellow disk flowers could be what Gatschet describes as a yellow "berry". |
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| Dunn, J.P. ca. 1900 | Description | "I have not seen this plant but imagine that it is Rudbeckia hirta, as the Indian said "the Whites call it bachelor's button, because a button grows on the top, which is in the midst of a brown flower. The stalks are from two to three feet tall". |
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| Dunn, J.P. ca. 1900 | Use - Customs | Roots are used to protect from bad spirits. "makkatewitchipkiki or makatewi tchipkiki", the medicine was "rubbed on a gun-barrel, and then fired at any strange noise which they suspected to be made by spirits . . . serving as a charm or amulet, small pieces of the root are carried in the pocket and keep off spirits, witches, etc., a practice which is now obsolete among Peoria. Whites call it "Bachelor's button" and grows here on the Peoria Reservation".
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| Reference Source | Reference Type | Data | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|
| Small, J.K. 1903 | Habitat | Occurs in many habitats, including open woods, roadsides and fields, throughout eastern and western Myaamia lands. |
| Reference Source | Reference Type | Data | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gleason, H.A. and Cronquist, A. 1991 | Rudbeckia hirta is considered R. serotina in some sources. |