| Reference Source | Reference Type | Archival Data | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dunn, J.P. 1908 | Use - Technology | Elm bark was used for making canoes. "The Miamis did not use birch-bark canoes, which the Algonquians usually called tci-maun, but they sometimes made canoes of hickory or elm bark. The name for these is la-kik-kwi-mis-so-li or bark canoe". |
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| Burns, N.L. 1938 | Use - Technology | Young shoots of hackberry, elm, and poplar were fed to livestock during hard times. |
This record may refer to a different species in the genus Ulmus. – Michael Gonella |
| Cranbrook Institute of Science 2003 | Use - Material | A miniature sap trough made from elm [slippery or american] bark is housed at the Cranbrook Institute. This item was obtained by M.G. Chandler, near Kokomo, Indiana around 1920, from a descendant of Meshingomesia. |
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| Bush, L. L 1996 | Use - Technology | Human charred elm timbers were recovered in an excavation from an early Myaamia Village site at the forks of the Wabash River (Fort Wayne), 1795-1812 (Ehler Site).
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| Reference Source | Reference Type | Data | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gleason, H.A. and Cronquist, A. 1991 | Habitat | Occurs in moist, rich soils throughout eastern and western Myaamia lands. |
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| USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Plant Database 2006 | Habitat | Of the seven or so elms known to occur in IN and OK, the American elm (U. americana) is the largest (well-suited as a construction material) and most common throughout eastern and western Myaamia lands. |
| Reference Source | Reference Type | Data | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|
| Costa, D. 2005 | "pakac8eningi", american elm |
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| Sabrevois, J. 1718 | " . . . some of them [native peoples in what is now central and northern Ohio] make canoes of elm bark". |
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| Dunn, J.P. ca. 1900 | The Miami term "pakkokwaniji" refers to the common upland elm [Ulmus americana] and "pakkokwaninji sipiomakwi" to the water elm [Planera aquatica]. |