| Reference Source | Reference Type | Archival Data | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gravier, J. ca. 1700 | Use - Food | "papakimina des alizes" or "papakiminja alizier", blackhaw berries |
|
| Gatschet, A.S. ca. 1895 | Use - Food | "papakimini, papakimina, fruit or berry of the black haw, sweet tiny and of a black color, lit. [literally] flat berry, grows on holy bushes, blackhaw trees grow to a height of 15 to 20 feet". |
|
| Gatschet, A.S. ca. 1895 | Use - Food | In the traditional story of Young Thunder William Pecongah, he describes the crops he had growing on his land 160 acres of reserve in central Indiana. "There I planted corn, wheat, potatoes, peas, tobacco, beans, apple trees, pumpkins, watermelons, cucumbers, onions, hay, straw, gooseberries, raspberries, blackberries, currants, turnips, tomatoes, pawpaws, cherries, strawberries, plums, blackhaws, peaches, walnut trees, pecans, hickory nuts, barley and rye". |
| Reference Source | Reference Type | Data | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gatschet, A.S. ca. 1895 | Description | "Papakimini tawani, black haw tree or bush. There are several bushes called so in the west, but this is either Crataegus tomentosa or Viburnum prunifolium and grows to a height of 15 to 20 feet". |
|
| Gleason, H.A. and Cronquist, A. 1991 | Habitat | Occurs in woods, thickets and roadsides throughout eastern and western Myaamia lands. |
| Reference Source | Reference Type | Data | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|
| Coulter, S. 1932 | Dried bark of Viburnum opulus var. americanum, cramp bark, in small doses 1-3 gm is an antispasmodic, astringent, diuretic, and a tonic and sedative for the uterus. |
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| Gonella, M.P 2003-2006 | Blackhaw usually indicates Viburnum, whereas redhaw, or hawthorn or even black hawthorn indicate Crategeus spp. |