| Reference Source | Reference Type | Archival Data | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rafert, S. 1992 | Use - Medicinal |
The root is used as an emetic, and made into a tea used for treating asthma. |
|
| Blair, E 1911 | Use - Food |
"That which they call wĭ́kopaísĭa meaning "bear's roots", an actual poison if eaten raw, but they cut it in very thin slices, and cook it in an oven during three days and three nights, thus by heat they cause the acrid substance which renders it poisonous to evaporate in steam, and it then becomes what is commonly called cassava root". |
Poisonous raw – Michael Gonella |
| Blair, E 1911 | Use - Food |
"The "oven" mentioned was a hole dug in the ground, and heated by a fire in it, after which it was cleaned out, filled with food, and covered over. Further mention of its use is made in connection with the wild onion". |
|
| Tippman, D. 1999 | Use - Food |
A neighbor taught Jim Strack that if you use the bulb from the jack-in-the-pulpit, grind it a bit and put it in the horseradish, it will make it so strong that just a bit on your tongue would make your tongue burn. |
|
| Dunn, J.P. ca. 1900 | Use - Food |
"This is a good description of the Indian turnip (Arisaema triphyllum), but the Miamis call it wikópaisĭa, which does not mean bear's root". |
|
| Dunn, J.P. 1919 | Use - Medicine |
"wicapisia, root for guarding themselves from death from serpents that they fear. The bulb is white, and rises out of the ground. The stem is a foot high, the leaves of four ribs (or on four sides), and a little red button on top". |
Unclear if the Dunn 1919 record is describing this particular species. – Michael Gonella |
| Reference Source | Reference Type | Data | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gleason, H.A. and Cronquist, A. 1991 | Habitat | Occurs in moist rich woods or bogs throughout eastern and western Myaamia lands. |
| Reference Source | Reference Type | Data | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dunn, J.P. 1919 | Perrot said the meaning of the Myaamia word for this plant was bear's root, but he probably confused the meaning of the Myaamia word for this plant with the meaning of macopine, which would literally mean bear root. The Myaamia no longer used the word macopin for this plant in 1919, but did so in Perrot's time (1700s). |