| Reference Source | Reference Type | Archival Data | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gatschet, A.S. ca. 1895 | Description | A plant six to seven feet high. |
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| Gleason, H.A. and Cronquist, A. 1991 | Description | Upright shrub to 2.5 meters tall. |
| Reference Source | Reference Type | Data | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gleason, H.A. and Cronquist, A. 1991 | Habitat | Occurs in moist woods throughout eastern and western Myaamia lands. |
| Reference Source | Reference Type | Data | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dunn, J.P. ca. 1900 | "mawhaíakwĭ" or "wapákkwĭ", Eastern wahoo. These Myaamia words literally mean "wolf wood". |
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| Gatschet, A.S. ca. 1895 | This plant was popularly called "wohu" or "wahoo" on the Peoria reservation, and is also known as "panther bush". |
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| Steyermark, J.A. 1963 | "The leaves and fruit are reported to possess purgative properties, and at one time the bark of the root was used medicinally but is now occasionally found employed as a gastric stimulant and cathartic. The powdered bark was used by the Indians for tobacco. The wood was used for arrows by American Indian's". |
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| Moerman, D. 2003 | Used by the Meskwaki to treat facial sores, and weak or sore eyes, by the Mohegan as a cathartic/physic, and by the Winnebago to treat uterine troubles. |